Background and Objective: Accountability is the one of requirements of modern governance in the current era and in case of its realization, it will lead to strengthening the “Principal ـAgent” relationship among citizens and actors, enhancing effectiveness and transparency in the performance of public organizations, reducing corruption (financial, administrative, etc), increasing the coherence and legitimacy of  the political system.Method: The review paper while defining accountability in the form of normative and descriptive approaches, its functions and dysfunctions in the form of some concepts such as accountability dilemma, accountability trap, accountability paradox and defensive and hostile actions have been expressed. The typology of accountability in various types of research is referred to and a new model entitled “Three ـdimensional accountability” is offered, to enable state organizations and organs such as police forces who face various observers and  clients in the civil community in an a way to effective to be accountable in various fields.Conclusion: Finally, while referring to explosion of Challenger space shuttle, it has been emphasized that three ـdimensional model of accountability forms comprehensive and balanced accountability system (360 degrees) based on which most of accountability functions for public organization will be achieved.

With a specific focus on youth non-governmental organizations in Isfahan province, this paper aims to demonstrate the way in which the NGOs, while maintaining their relationship with the government, ensure accountability not only to the government but also to their primary beneficiaries, namely, the society. This study utilized the grounded theory method and conducted in-depth interviews with 33 secretaries from youth centers in Isfahan province. The research findings reveal that NGOs uphold accountability towards various stakeholders through specific procedures. The multitude and variety of stakeholders' interests, which are often in conflict with each other, along with the constraints imposed by government agencies on NGOs, turns the process of floating the accountability into a strategy for creating a balance between the various axes of accountability and multiple layers of interests, and especially reserving downward accountability.

Quantifiers basically occur adjacent to a nominal phrase. However, sometimes the quantifier and the nominal phrase appear apart in sentences. This phenomenon is referred to as quantifier floating (Q-floating). The most prominent approach to Q-floating is stranding analysis, according to which the quantifier and the adjacent nominal phrase together make up a single constituent, and in the course of derivation, the nominal phrase moves from this constituent to a higher position, stranding the quantifier in situ; in other words, stranding analysis considers the floating quantifier construction as the result of a transformation from non-floating quantifier construction. This paper addresses the structure of floating and non-floating quantifier constructions, provides evidence from Persian to indicate the independence of their structures, and argues for the oblige toriness of each structure. The floating quantifier is shown to be a late adjunct to a copy of its associated DP: in the derivation leading to quantifier floating, a DP moves from its θ-position and then receives a QP as an adjunct, and then it moves again to a higher position and strands the quantifier in situ.  According to Chomsky’s (2013) Labeling Algorithm, when QP is an adjunct to DP, the movement of DP and it’s leaving the QP behind is obligatory; to put it another way, floating quantifier construction is obligatory. As opposed to floating quantifier construction, in non-floating quantifier construction, QP is not an adjunct. In this construction, the DP is the complement of the quantifier head. Given Labeling Algorithm, this construction is obligatorily motivated, too. In addition, since quantifier phrase is the topmost nominal phrase in such constructions, it is a phase; and in order for the DP to move out of this phase, it needs to move first to the specifier position of the QP, but this movement is considered too short. For this reason, DP cannot move off the QP in non-floating quantifier constructions

LEO orbit space radiations in which the protons has the main contribution, have survived devastating effects on electronic components. The damage caused by ionizing protons on the satellite electrical components in the circuit LEO moves was reviewed. By studying the LEO orbit by Shieldose software, the worst-case scenario was evaluated for a satellite. Considering the electronic components based on metal oxide semiconductor (MOS), a design for protection against TID originated from captured protons was done by MULASSIS software based on Monte Carlo calculations. Considering the weight and volume constraints, multiple layers for ionizing dose reduction were studied. Results show that a three-layer combination of shielding materials including low, high and low density materials, which simultaneously optimize the weight and volume, makes the optimum protection.